1. The primary anchoring elements of the spinal cord are the

A. dentate ligaments and meninges

B. filum terminale and Hoffman's ligaments

C. dentate ligaments and the filum terminale

D. none of the above

2. During cervical flexion the spinal cord translates

A. towards the posterior elements of vertebrae

B. towards the vertebral body

C. towards the pedicle

D. towards the lamina

3. Compression of the spinal cord may increase axial tension on neural elements within the spinal cord.

A. True

B. False

4. The most common cause of spinal cord compromise is

A. concussive injury

B. contusion

C. compression

D. penetrating injury

5. Physical compression of Batson's plexus may result in any of the following consequences except

A. venous congestion

B. venous thrombosis

C. increased risk for spinal cord edema

D. disc herniation

6. Pathological tension applied to the spinal cord may result in

A. increased intramedullary pressures

B. reduced spinal cord blood low

C. ischemia

D. all of the above

7. Spinal cord concussion is characterized by permanent structural pathology

A. True

B. False

8. The signs and symptoms associated with a tethered cord syndrome include

A. gait disturbances

B. back pain

C. bowel and bladder dysfunction

D. all of the above

9. SCIWORA stands for

A. spinal cord injury without radial abnormality

B. spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality

C. spinal cord injury without radiogaphic assessment

D. none of the above

10. Conditions associated with atlantoaxial instability include all of the following with the exception of

A. Downs syndrome

B. rheumatoid arthritis

C. Marfan's syndrome

D. diabetes

E. Morquio's syndrome

11. Glacial instability is a term which refers to

A. acute, rapid onset instability

B. chronic, progressive instability

C. stable instability

D. none of the above

12. Which area of the spine is more vulnerable to instabilty secondary to fracture

A. cervical

B. thoracic

C. lumbar

D. sacral

13. The best way to assess the extent of a Dens fracture is

A. A-P open mouth radiograph

B. lateral cervical radiograph

C. thin slice computerized tomography

D. magnetic resonance imaging

14. The best way to assess regional complications and injury asociated with a Dens fracture is

A. (A-P) open mouth radiograph

B. lateral cervical radiographic study

C. thin slice compterized tomography

D. magnetic resonance imaging

15. Jefferson fracture of the atlas refers to

A. neural arch fracture

B. spinous process fracture

C. a burst fracture

D. transverse process fracture

16. An isolated spinous process fracture is often associated with neurological compromise.

A. True

B. False

17. Pillar fractures are typically bilateral.

A. True

B. False

18. The flexion teardrop fracture-dislocation is one of the most severe and unstable bony injuries of the lower cervical region.

A. True

B. False

19. The following injury or injuries may be result in a flexion teardrop fracture.

A. posterior subluxation of the vertbebral body

B. disruption of the ligamentum flavum

C. spinal cord compromise

D. rupture or avulsion of the anterior longitudinal ligament

E. all of the above

20. The pain associated with a fracture may mimic the pain associated with intervertebral disc pathology or  facet syndrome.

A. True

B. False